Deprecated: mb_encode_mimeheader(): Implicitly marking parameter $charset as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 21

Deprecated: mb_encode_mimeheader(): Implicitly marking parameter $transfer_encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 21

Deprecated: mb_decode_numericentity(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 24

Deprecated: mb_encode_numericentity(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 27

Deprecated: mb_convert_case(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 30

Deprecated: mb_internal_encoding(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 33

Deprecated: mb_language(): Implicitly marking parameter $language as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 36

Deprecated: mb_check_encoding(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 45

Deprecated: mb_strlen(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 57

Deprecated: mb_strpos(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 60

Deprecated: mb_strtolower(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 63

Deprecated: mb_strtoupper(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 66

Deprecated: mb_substr(): Implicitly marking parameter $length as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 72

Deprecated: mb_substr(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 72

Deprecated: mb_stripos(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 75

Deprecated: mb_stristr(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 78

Deprecated: mb_strrchr(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 81

Deprecated: mb_strrichr(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 84

Deprecated: mb_strripos(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 87

Deprecated: mb_strrpos(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 90

Deprecated: mb_strstr(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 93

Deprecated: mb_http_output(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 99

Deprecated: mb_strwidth(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 102

Deprecated: mb_substr_count(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 105

Deprecated: mb_http_input(): Implicitly marking parameter $type as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 111

Deprecated: mb_ord(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 119

Deprecated: mb_chr(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 122

Deprecated: mb_scrub(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 125

Deprecated: mb_str_split(): Implicitly marking parameter $encoding as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/polyfill-mbstring/bootstrap80.php on line 128

Deprecated: Symfony\Component\Translation\t(): Implicitly marking parameter $domain as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/symfony/translation/Resources/functions.php on line 17

Deprecated: GuzzleHttp\Promise\queue(): Implicitly marking parameter $assign as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/guzzlehttp/promises/src/functions.php on line 24

Deprecated: GuzzleHttp\Promise\each(): Implicitly marking parameter $onFulfilled as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/guzzlehttp/promises/src/functions.php on line 260

Deprecated: GuzzleHttp\Promise\each(): Implicitly marking parameter $onRejected as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/guzzlehttp/promises/src/functions.php on line 260

Deprecated: GuzzleHttp\Promise\each_limit(): Implicitly marking parameter $onFulfilled as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/guzzlehttp/promises/src/functions.php on line 285

Deprecated: GuzzleHttp\Promise\each_limit(): Implicitly marking parameter $onRejected as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/guzzlehttp/promises/src/functions.php on line 285

Deprecated: GuzzleHttp\Promise\each_limit_all(): Implicitly marking parameter $onFulfilled as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/guzzlehttp/promises/src/functions.php on line 307

Deprecated: Opis\Closure\unserialize(): Implicitly marking parameter $options as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/opis/closure/functions.php on line 32

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator_empty::current() should either be compatible with Iterator::current(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3149

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator_empty::next() should either be compatible with Iterator::next(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3153

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator_empty::key() should either be compatible with Iterator::key(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3145

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator_empty::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3141

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator_empty::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3139

Deprecated: Return type of ADORecordSet_empty::getIterator() should either be compatible with IteratorAggregate::getIterator(): Traversable, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3204

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator::current() should either be compatible with Iterator::current(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3276

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator::next() should either be compatible with Iterator::next(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3280

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator::key() should either be compatible with Iterator::key(): mixed, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3272

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator::valid() should either be compatible with Iterator::valid(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3268

Deprecated: Return type of ADODB_Iterator::rewind() should either be compatible with Iterator::rewind(): void, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3264

Deprecated: Return type of ADORecordSet::getIterator() should either be compatible with IteratorAggregate::getIterator(): Traversable, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/adodb/adodb-php/adodb.inc.php on line 3356

Deprecated: optional(): Implicitly marking parameter $callback as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Support/helpers.php on line 354

Deprecated: with(): Implicitly marking parameter $callback as nullable is deprecated, the explicit nullable type must be used instead in /home2/qiuedumy/public_html/journal/lib/pkp/lib/vendor/laravel/framework/src/Illuminate/Support/helpers.php on line 556
Johanna Maria, Means,. “Perception of Collaboration Between Parents and Teachers of Students With Special Needs Regarding the Individual Education Plan (IEP)”. Journal of Social Sciences and Business 2, no. 1 (July 15, 2023): 43–60. Accessed August 24, 2026. https://qiu.edu.my/journal/index.php/jssb/article/view/25.